Travel restrictions in Paris

Paris just cut the vehicles on Monday’s roads by half in an effort to improve the air quality over the Capital. It also has made all mass transit free, and the BBC has further details here. Motorcycles (most of who have rather dirty engines) are also included.

The reason for the bad smog is a temperature inversion, and you have likely heard this before, but I want to explain WHY a temperature inversion causes poor air quality. The inversion developed because the ground is still cool, and skies are clear under a high pressure center. This high pressure has been over the area for days now and there is also high pressure aloft over the area and this is caused by warmer air aloft as well.

So we have a situation where the air near the ground is quite cool (the nights are still long and at that latitude the sun angle is still low.) and the air aloft is warmer with light winds.

The image below is the “RAOB sounding” taken by weather balloon at 1 PM France time (12 GMT). It shows temperature, dew-point, and winds from near the surface to around 250 millibars which is around 15 kilometers above the surface. As air rises, it will cool at a rate called the dry adiabatic lapse rate (More on lapse rates here).This is approx. 10°C/1000 meters. You can use the chart to see what temperature a bubble of sir would be if you lifted it from the ground to say 3 km (around 800 millibars).

If you take the air near the ground (which is about 9°C) and lift it up along the dry adiabat, you will see that it cools rapidly and is to the left of the air temperature on the sounding. A bubble of air rising up from the surface will find itself suddenly colder than the air around it, and will sink back down until it is about the same temperature again. What could cause the bubble of air to rise in the first place? Topographic features for one, but the Earth is heated from below, and the sun will warm the ground and the ground will warm the air with it, and a bubble of sun heated air will rise when it gets warmer than the air around it. The air at 800 millibars will change little between day and night however, so that rising bubble of air from near the ground will still cool rapidly and be colder than the air around it.